A Start-Up Guide for Small Businesses and Sole Traders

A large percentage of small businesses fail within the first two years. This course will help you get off to a good start. With a step-by-step process covering planning, book keeping, customer communication, and more, our guide to small business will help you maximise your chances of success.

An excellent course for people starting out, new business consultants, or those wanting to review the general running of an established business.  

Course Duration: 100 hours

Course Structure

This course has twelve lessons.

1. Introduction to Small Business
   • Nature and success factors
   • Primary, Secondary or Tertiary business
   • Scope and Types of Businesses
   • Options: size, products, positioning, legal structure, specialisation, type of industry
   • What makes it a “small” business
   • Key Success factors: entrepreneurship, market niche, information, reputation, flexibility
   • Understanding Risk of Failure
2. The Business World
   • Business structures –sole trader, partnership, companies (public and proprietary)
   • Advantages and disadvantages of different types of ownership
   • Small Business and the Law
   • Importance of record keeping
   • Regulations affecting site and operations
   • Components of a legal system: lawmakers, interpreters, enforcers, administrators, advisors
   • Common law rights and obligations
   • Protection of Consumers
   • Trade practices, trademarks, brands, business, IP
   • Business Registration
   • Employment Law
   • Business disputes
   • Contract Types
   • Prerequisites of a contract
   • Taxation and small business
   • Insurance
   • Business Case Study
3. Your alternatives: different types of ventures
   • Goods manufacturing, or services
   • Factors to consider: market niche, location, goodwill, personal factors, etc
   • Business terminology
   • Establishing a new small business
   • Considering options of buying into a franchise, buying an established business or starting up from nothing
   • What to look for when buying an established business
   • Understanding franchising
   • Guidelines for starting something new
4. Marketing
   • Strategic marketing planning
   • Target markets
   • Developing a marketing mix
   • Broadening geographical representation
   • Maximizing customer service
   • Developing strategies to achieve objectives
   • Increasing market share: geographical expansion, market penetration, price factors
   • Selecting Target markets
   • Mass marketing, niche marketing, differentiated marketing, etc
   • Physical basis for market segmentation
   • Behavioural basis for market segmentation
   • Developing the Marketing Mix
   • Branding and packaging
   • Understanding the price element
   • Pricing methods
   • Understanding the promotion element
   • Managing a marketing plan
   • Structuring advertising or promotions
5. Planning
   • Scope and nature of planning
   • Developing a business plan
   • The planning process
   • Checklist for a business plan
   • Market research
   • Business plan pro forma: a template for you to follow for creating a very detailed business plan
6. Basic Bookkeeping
   • What records are essential?
   • The simplest approach to financial bookkeeping
   • The value of financial records
   • Source documents
   • Cash book
   • Credit sales and credit purchases
   • Bank reconciliation
   • Petty Cash
   • The Balance Sheet
   • Classification of the balance sheet
   • Working capital
   • Profit and loss statement
   • Preparing a profit and loss statement
   • The link between profit and the balance sheet
7. Sales Methods
   • Personal Selling
   • Rules of Selling
   • Types of Selling
   • Types of customers
   • The Salesperson: characteristics and knowledge
8. Budgeting
   • Scope and nature of budgets
   • Types of budgets
9. Developing a 12-month business plan
   • Planning for manpower needs
   • Planning where to work from initially (e.g. home, leased or purchased property)
   • Description of the Business
   • Motives for Entering Business
   • The Opportunity and Strategy
   • The Target Market
   • Relevant Experience and Skills
   • Financial Assistance Required
   • Financial Projections
   • Financial Summary
10. Implementing a business plan
    • Motivating employees
    • Delegating work tasks
11. Reviewing progress in a new business
    • Monitoring performance
    • Evaluating performance
    • Modifying performance
12. Improving profitability
    • How can profits be increased
    • Business expansion and sources of finance
    • Overdraft facility
    • Equity Credit
    • Fully Drawn Advances/Term Loans
    • Bills of Exchange
    • Leasing
    • Inventory Financing
    • Sources of Funds
    • Information required when sourcing funds
    • Good Management Practices

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Business Tips

Don't Rush It

Businesses which try to do too much too soon have a far greater chance of eventual failure (even if initially they are successful). It is wise to go through thorough business planning before starting up and to have a long term plan (10 to 20 years), which you can slowly work towards. In my case, I was setting up a correspondence school. I saw the first step was to establish a reputable name and I considered that to do so might take many years. Hence for the first 5 years, I was not impatient about making money ‑ I made sure that I had other sources of income apart from my school. It was more important at this stage to gain acceptance and recognition among potential "customers", than to make a profit. This sort of plan will generally require you to put in quite a few extra hours of work, juggling the needs of raising a living, and trying to develop your new business. However, in the long term, if your business becomes a success, you should have greater opportunity for personal time (i.e. rest, relaxation, hobbies, family commitments, vacations).

Offer a Product Or Service Which is Relatively Unique

Your chances of success will increase greatly if you can supply something people want, but can't easily get elsewhere. A lot can be gained by taking time to study the way people live, the things they do in their day-to-day lives and the problems they encounter.

Many businesses have been based on the observation that in modern society, where both husband and wife work, it is a problem for the family to find time to get the mundane day-to-day chores done. Consider the rapid increase in recent years of such things as child minding services, nannies, lawn mowing businesses, and fast food chains. All provide ways to get essential things done more easily for people who have the money, but don't have the time. You do not necessarily have to provide a service or goods that are not generally readily available. You might, for example, live in a rural area where goods and services that are readily available in larger cities are scarce or not available. You might be able to create a valuable business providing one or more of these items.

Research plays a very important part in choosing what goods or services to supply. This might involve looking in newspapers and magazines to see what sorts of goods and services are, or are not, being provided in your area; and seeing what is successful in other areas, but hasn't been tried in your area. Get to know your market. Market research does not need to be formal. It can be based on observations of what is occurring, what people want and aligning your strengths to that area of the market not being served.

Taking heed of your own observations or needs can be an excellent way of finding a niche area that could be filled. For example, a lady in Melbourne was concerned about sunburn on her bare arm when driving. She obtained some material with a high sun protection factor, and after experimenting with a few designs, created a simple pull on sleeve to go over the bare right arm of a car driver. Other people expressed interest in her designs, and she began to make and sell them, many to friends and acquaintances. Word of mouth from these customers created more sales. She began to advertise a little, and approached selected shops that she thought might be interested in selling her product. She began to produce larger amounts in different sizes and a wide variety of colours. Several chain stores expressed interest or began to sell her products. She began to export her product. All of this happened in less than five years. She began small, and used her profits to finance her expansion, resulting in low financial risk to her. This is just one example, many others exist.

Another area to consider is to do a job better than what is already on offer. One successful small business started when the receptionist at a doctor's office overheard two of the doctor's patients complaining about their hired house cleaners. Both were saying they were very dissatisfied and the receptionist said, "Hire me. I'll do a better job." One of the two patients did hire her, and, true to her word, the receptionist did do a better job. The ex-receptionist now has a team of housekeepers. Her success has always been in delivering top value for money.

Use the Skills & Expertise You Have, or Obtain New Skills

If you have some existing skills or expertise and can work out a unique service or product you can supply you are off to a good start. You will often feel more comfortable, at least initially, supplying goods and services you are familiar with, or are a logical extension of your existing skills and talents. In many cases skills and knowledge gained in one industry might readily be transferred to another (e.g. sales and marketing, bookkeeping).

If you aim to go into business in a new area then educate yourself in that area before anything else. This might be through formal study, perhaps while still working in another career, through informal study (e.g. buying books and trade magazines and reading them at home), working for someone else in a similar business, perhaps full time, or part-time on weekends, or at night, to gain experience before branching out on your own.

The important thing is to determine the skills and knowledge that you will need and make sure you obtain them. This also requires some prior research.

Your business knowledge will also play a huge part in your success or failure. Many people who are true experts in their field have failed because of their lack of business know-how. You must be able to accurately cost a job and provide value for money. One Landscape company foreman felt cheated because he was the person who saw that the job was completed and managed well, yet the profits went to the company owner. He believed that the "business" side would be easy, so went to work for himself. What he didn't realise is, that while he was an excellent project manager, he was not very good at costing jobs and dealing with customers. Fortunately for him, he was able to return to his previous job.

Get Your Advertising Right

Experimentation: this is the key. Do not spend a lot of money until you have properly worked out what does and does not work for you. Try small advertisements in a range of publications, perhaps classifieds at first. Try different types of advertisements. I have advertised in over 200 different publications, of which only around 20% have been worthwhile. Try press releases. Send them to magazines, newspapers and radio stations. Record where your responses come from and where your firm business comes from (e.g.: one publication might give 30 responses and none of them do business with you, while another might only give 5 responses, but 2 of these do business with you).

Talk to others in the industry. Find out what advertising has and has not been successful for them. Join an industry group to make contacts. Many business people will share their information, allowing you to learn from the mistakes of others.

Get Your Prices Right

Too many businesses go broke because they charge too little. Henry Ford may have become a billionaire by selling a large quantity of cars at very cheap prices, but more often than not, people are just as happy to pay a higher price if you give them quality and good service. Remember, small business is just that ‑ small. If you are going to succeed with the low price high turnover formula, you need to be operating on a large scale, usually with a high level of investment.

Get Your Costs Right

All too often, small businesses pay more than what they need to for materials and equipment. If you take your time before starting to thoroughly check out suppliers, and learn to negotiate about prices, you can establish much lower costs for your business before you begin. Remember every dollar extra you pay in costs is a dollar less in your pocket.

Be Prepared to put in More Than You Get Back (initially)

Usually the first few years of any small business will require long hours, perhaps a 6 or 7 day week; and all this for perhaps a lesser return than you would get working a normal 9 to 5 job. If you have money or other resources set aside, or supplementary income (e.g. your partner/spouse has a full time job) as a backup to cover you through this lean period, you will have a much greater chance of success.

It is important that you and your family consider the many sacrifices that come with starting up a small business, including less money to spend on entertainment, no time for travel or holidays, longer working hours, etc. If you do not have the full support and understanding of the family, then making the business work becomes doubly difficult.

Give the Highest Priority to the Customer

A happy customer is the best asset a new business can have. You will then get more follow up business from existing customers, and they will be your best source of advertising, simply by word of mouth. There is truth in the saying "One happy customer will tell one other person. One unhappy customer will tell ten others."

Monitor Your Competition

Subscribe to any magazines or newspapers which report on the industry you are operating in. Monitor advertisements in that industry. Keep a close eye on any other business offering similar services or products, and watch out for any new businesses which might offer competition. Join industry associations or mentor groups, to keep abreast of what is going on.

Diversify as Soon as Possible — But Not Too Much

Initially you should not try to provide too many different types of goods or services, but once your business begins to establish, look for other services or products which might complement what you are already doing. Demand changes, that is a fact of life. If you do one thing only, you will find there will be times your business will boom and other times it will be slow. If you do several things, there is a good chance that when one thing slows, the others will still perform well.

Keep in mind, though, that you cannot be all things to all people. If you diversify, try to add either a business or service that complements your core business, but does not detract. For instance, the addition of a restaurant service to an existing bed and breakfast is a good diversification. It complements and could even increase the B&B business. Likewise the addition of weed control services to a lawn-mowing round.

Don't Become Big Just For The Sake of Being Big

There is a natural tendency for your own sense of self-importance to grow when you are the boss, and as that happens, there is a tendency to increase the size of your business beyond what is reasonable. Immodest employers tend to employ more people than are required, advertise more than is needed, and produce more than what they can sell. Just because a business is bigger, doesn't mean it is run better or more efficiently, or is more profitable. In many cases well-run, smaller businesses can be very profitable, and enable you as the boss to keep good control (oversight) of the businesses activities. Part of your long-term business plan should also include what you want personally in the long run. Creating a large enterprise that is still growing when you are ready to retire can cause a real dilemma. Many people start up in small business because they want a more relaxed lifestyle. This can be achieved, as long as you recognise your own goals.

Take Care of Your Staff

Good quality staff is the most valuable asset in any business. If you are loyal and generous and flexible with regard to your staff, they will respond in kind.

Take Care of Yourself

You must be healthy to deal with the stresses associated with running a business, and still be able to think clearly and operate efficiently. Healthy businessmen put in fewer hours and achieve far more than those who neglect their basic needs, such as exercise, diet, rest and recreation. Running your own business is not just about making money; it is also about taking control of your life. Your business should ideally give you the financial rewards, job satisfaction and personal flexibility you desire. This may not happen initially, and in fact is unlikely early on in the life of a new business, but should be a medium to long-term aim of the business.